Big 4 Snacks - Business Plan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1315 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Big 4 Snacks Business Plan Confidentiality Agreement Executive Summary Business Description Mission Values Integrity Professionalism Goals Marketing Plan Target Market Market Size and Market Share Competition Marketing Strategy Product Strategy Promotion Strategy Pricing Strategy Distribution Strategy Location Management Organisational structure Financial Plan Critical Risks Competition Economic changes/trade cycles Interest rates Standards of living Summary . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Big 4 Snacks Business Plan" essay for you Create order Executive Summary The year 2014 marks the birth of a small, promising company which was founded by four members aiming to be the leader in providing biscuits to other retailers as well as final consumers. At present, the company buy its stock form One up Wholesaler which is located in the central suburbs of Cape Town. The company would like to register its business with the respective authorities and achieve a legal business status. The company aims to grow in the near future to the extent of becoming the manufacturer of its own products and supplying to retail shops as to the customers. This will be achieved by the company through taking a loan for the bank to purchase industrial biscuit making ovens hence the ability to produce the products in bulk. Having been started by four members, the members have equal shares in the business. Business Description The Big 4 Snacks is a small company that was started by four members namely Cumani Nako, Rhandzeka Mawuku, Rampai Mokomatsilili and Tinashe Munyuki. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main core business entails selling Snack (biscuits and sweets) in the Western Cape Province. Mission We aim to provide the best Snacks to our valued customers at moderate prices. We view ourselves as partners with our customers, employees as well as the society at large. Values: We have our own unique values which defines our business. These include: Integrity- we believe that the value of being honest in business operations; be it with customers, suppliers, employees, among other business stakeholders, overrides the need for profit making as creating good reputation in the market can lead to endless sales volumes. Professionalism- we take all our transactions with our key stakeholders in a professional manner, creating a strong bond with them hence enhancing the growth of our business in the market. Goals- the Big 4 Snacks aims to achieve the following objectives: Short term goals (2014- mid 2015) To increase the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sales by 5%over a period of two months. Create a website for the company. Medium term (2015-mid 2016) Acquire two ovens for making biscuits. Purchase office furniture: desks, two computers as well as office stationery. Provide online shopping for our products Long term (2016- end of year) Purchase two delivery trucks (3-5 ton). Purchase of a factory outlet in a 20km radius. Purchase three industrial biscuits making ovens. Marketing Plan Target Market The market for Big 4 Snacks focuses on a segment with the following characteristics: All students who study at TSiBA Education. People who reside in the 5km radius of TSiBA Education. Market Size and Market Share The current size of the target market is approximately 500 individuals which is likely to be 37% of the target market Competition The Big 4 Snacks operates in a market environment where there is massive competition. Some of the competitors are listed below. TSiBA tuck shop. Spaza shops close to the TSiBA campus. Indirect competition from other stores- (competition according to product needs). Marketing Strategy Product Strategy The company provides the following products: Biscuits Sweets Promotion Strategy The most common strategy in place at present is the word of mouth. This has been effective as it allows us to engage with customers in terms of promoting our products and our brand. We also use social networks including facebook, twitter as well as sending emails to most of our customers. Pricing Strategy The following prices apply: Snacks Price in Rands Biscuits (3 packets) R5.00 Sweets (10 sweets) R3.00 Distribution Strategy The company obtains its products from a reliable supplier called One Up Wholesalers at a relatively low price. The supplier is close to the business premises hence less transport costs. Location The Big 4 Snacks is located in Cape Town at Tsiba Education, Pinelands. The pale is close to the Railway Station (Mutual Station) hence easy transport of employees to the workplace. It is close to our supplier, namely One Up Wholesalers. From the feasibility study conducted by the marketing team, we noted that the pale is accessible to customers, most importantly students as they for the biggest proportion of our market share. Management The management team consist of the founders of the business. However, each and every member among the members will be focusing on a certain component of the business. Organisational structure The following diagram shows the organisational structure of the Big 4 Snacks at present. Duties and Responsibilities of each member Tinashe Munyuki- Managing Director Responsible for the overall operation of the business, including facilitating day to day operations of the business Cumani Nako- Chief Finance Officer Responsible for monitoring the finances of the business, managing cash inflows and cash outflows. Rampai Mokomatsilili- Marketing Director Responsible for the marketing department of the business; together with the public relations of the business. Creating a good reputation for the company. Rhandzeka Mawuku- Chief Operating Officer Responsible for the day to day operations of the business, including purchase and stock management Financial Plan PROJECTED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION FOR BIG 4 SNACKS 2014 2015 2016 Assets Non current assets Motor vehicle 40000 100000 Office equipment 1000 8000 10000 Current Assets Inventory 400 9000 20000 Accounts receivable 250 4000 17000 Bank 700 3000 21000 Stationery 2000 2350 64000 160000 Equity and Liabilities Equity Capital 200 200 200 Retained income 800 16000 20000 Non Current Liabilities Long term loan 750 29800 130800 Current liabilities Accounts payable 600 8000 9000 Total Equity and Liabilities 2350 64000 160000 Projected Statement of Financial Position of Big 4 Snacks 2014 2015 2016 Sales 9000 23000 279000 Cost of Sales 1100 9000 34000 Gross Profit 7900 24000 245000 Operating expenses Rent 4000 9000 10000 Salaries 2000 7000 20000 Water and Electricity 1000 1000 2300 Depreciarion 50 500 1200 Net Profit Before Interest and Tax 850 6500 211500 Tax Paid 90 1000 2100 Interest paid 400 2000 2000 Net Profit After Interest and Tax 360 3500 207400 Critical Risks As it is the best thing to find the likely causes of the business failure, the Big 4 Snacks identified the following challenges/risks which might hinder success of the business. Competition This entails the contraction of the market size due to availability of other businesses offering the same products as ours. Fighting for the same market share, competition will lead to reduced sales of our business thereby lowering the profit margins. Despite the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s efforts to support small businesses, massive competition from big companies such as Shoprite and Pick n Pay remains a difficulty in the growth of small businesses. This factor might affect the performance of our business even though some measures have been put in place to ensure building a good brand image as well as creating a positive goodwill. Economic changes/trade cycles The performance of the South African economy has been fluctuating, being characterised by continuous trade cycles. Taking this into consideration, our business might be affected negatively by the high rates of inflation, leading to costly supplies from our suppliers. This will in turn affect the returns to the company. Interest rates As a business which might need to borrow money in order to boost the operation of the business in the near future, the cost of borrowing remains a challenge Depending on how our cash flows will be in the near future, the need to borrow some funds might lead to an increase in the expenses of the business, thereby reducing profits. Standards of living In regard to the standards of living of an average South African, especially considering our target market, poor standards of living will lead to a decrease in our sales volumes. Summary Combining all the information compiled in this business plan, the Big 4 Snacks is a vibrant, promising business which sells snacks (biscuits and sweets) currently at TSiBA education. The company aims to expand in the whole Western Cape Province, becoming the leading provider of snacks to retailers as well as to the final consumers. Despite the challenges that might be encountered in the business operations, the company aims to increase its market share, creating a positive goodwill in the market. 1

Persuasive Speech On Organ Donation - 1150 Words

â€Å"Everyday, 79 people receive a transplant, but at least 20 people die waiting, because of the shortage of donated organs.† (Brazier) Due to the shortage of organs, this causes many people to go to extreme measures to save a loved one. Maybe even to the point of doing something illegal. The more we help promote and contribute to organ donation, the more lives we can save. There is a new name added to the list every 10 minutes while around 20 people die a day waiting for an organ. Organ donation is the process of surgically removing an organ or tissue from one person (the organ donor) and placing it into another person (the recipient). Transplantation is necessary because the recipient’s organ has failed or has been damaged by disease†¦show more content†¦In some cases, people are murdered for their organs. When their body is found, there are organs removed. Even though the community is willing to donate their organ, there are too few donors in the position to give. There are many factors to consider when matching people for organ transplants. Blood type, tissue type, urgency, time spent on the waiting list, and distance between the donor and recipient are some factors to whom the organ goes to. A majority of donors have died from an automobile accident, stroke, gunshot wound, or suicide. All of these result in the donor being brain dead. Being brain dead is when the patient’s brain has no signs of life while a machine keeps the body alive for organ donation. On the other hand, one does not have to be dead to be a donor, of course. There is living donating, where one can donate an organ or tissue while they’re still alive. â€Å"People of all ages should consider themselves potential donors.† (Organ Donation and Transplantation). About four out of every ten donations each year are from living donations. â€Å"The strongest supporters of organ donation tend to be women, under 65 years old and people with higher levels of education† (Brazier). Some people don’t consider transplants due to financial reasons. For example, a heart transplant ranges from $57,000-$110,000. Another reason is the risk of infection or rejection during or after a transplant. If this happens, it couldShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech : Organ Donation1076 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Persuasive Speech Assignment #2: Organ Donation Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to become registered organ donors. Thesis: Today I want to persuade my audience to become registered organ donors. Introduction I. To start, by a show of hands, only if you feel comfortable, how many of you are registered organ donors? II. According to organdonor.gov, â€Å"an average of 22 people die each day waiting for transplants that can t take place because of the shortage of donated organs.† Read MoreOrgan Donation : Persuasive Speech909 Words   |  4 PagesOrgan Donation Rhetorical Analysis Organ donation has been a major controversy for many years now. There are those people who favor it and the ones who do not. According to the United States Organ and Tissue Transplantation Association, organ donation is defined as tissue or organ removal from a deceased or living donor, for transplantation purposes. Tissues and organs are moved in a surgical procedure. Afterwards, they are transplanted to a recipient to ensure their recovery (Francis 2015). OrganRead MorePersuasive Speech On Organ Donation973 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome a live organ donor and donating a kidney to my husband Keisy. Nowadays the number of people in need of organ donation is constantly raising and one of the greatest ways we can help someone even save their lives is by becoming a live organ donor. Long before I have met my husband, he has been diagnosed with the end stage kidney disease. That meant his kidneys were failing and he needed a kidney transplant in a near future. His name was entered in the National Organ Donation list. MeanwhileRead MoreA Persuasive Speech On Organ Donation947 Words   |  4 Pagesname is, Lizette Vazquez, and I am here to talk to you about becoming an organ donor. Many people wait for years for organs to become available, the need for organ donors is growing. Donate and save a life. If you had a chance to save a life and or change their life, would you do it? If you answered no, to this question would your feelings change, towards organ donation if someone in your family or close to you need an organ transplant? Can you imagine, what it would feel like to get handed a deathRead MorePersuasive Speech : Organ Donation1335 Words   |  6 Pagesto make. C. My name is Morgan Silva and I am here to talk to you about organ donation, how you can become one, and the ways your family and donor recipients benefit from the donation you made. II. Body A. People often ask themselves what organ donation is and what it involves. 1. According to Medline Plus, organ donation takes healthy organs and tissues from one person for transplantation into another. a. All kinds of organs can be donated to save a life: the kidneys, the heart, the liver, the pancreasRead MorePersuasive Speech On Organ Donation1048 Words   |  5 Pageshigh enough. These people need organs, and it is on us to help. It takes just one of us to save as many as eight people on the list. People need to be educated on organ donation and the opportunities it creates rather than a hasty decision that is made when you apply for your driver’s license. Organ donation is an amazingly powerful and underestimated practice. I believe everyone should become more open to the idea of helping others through the donation of their organs, which would otherwise be entirelyRead MoreOrgan Donation Persuasive Speech Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagescouldn’t live without? Imagine you are lying in a hospital bed and you have no choice but to impatiently wait for that one organ you and your body are depending on to survive. Many people face this struggle every day. These people are waiting on a list for their perfect match†¦ the perfect person to be their organ donor. An organ donor is a person who has an organ, or several organs, removed in ordered to be transplanted into another person. Imagine that one of your loved ones are in the hospital†¦Read MorePersuasive Speech About Organ Donation1369 Words   |  6 Pagesan organ transplant (â€Å"Data†). These people wait patiently as death knocks on their door. In America, we can do so much to ensure that people will live on with the donations of organs. Unfortunately, many are unaware of the amount of people who are dying that are waiting for an organ. Organ donation is a great way to save someones life, and continue the life of a loved one. Although it is a great way to give someone a new life many people are uninformed about donation and how valuable organs areRead MorePersuasive Outline-Organ Donation886 Words   |  4 PagesPERSUASIVE SPEECH OUTLINE – ORGAN DONATION Topic:  Organ donation Thesis Statement:  Becoming an organ donor after death is not only an important decision for yourself, but it is also an important decision for the life that you may have the power to save. Purpose:  To persuade my audience to consider becoming organ donors after death    Introduction: 1. Organ donation is a selfless way to give back to others, and to be able to make a huge difference by giving another person a second chanceRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline Essay examples942 Words   |  4 PagesPersuasive Speech Outline Topic: Organ Donation General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: After listening to my speech my audience will consider donating their organs and tissues after death and to act upon their decision to donate. Central Idea: The need is constantly growing for organ donors and it is very simple to be an organ donor when you no longer need your organs. Introduction: How do you feel when you’re waiting for something you really really want? Or what if it’s not even

Response to Peter Singer’s Speech Free Essays

Peter Singer’s speech on a solution to world poverty made a lot of good points concerning how to help those in need. He states that most people can afford to help starving children and that people are turning their backs on the needy. Where he fails though, is in actually providing a solution that will hold up over time. We will write a custom essay sample on Response to Peter Singer’s Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now His focus on guilting those more fortunate into action and then guiding them to give $200 is no solution, but a call to give to those less fortunate instead of fixing the problem for good. In his speech he gives examples to try to guilt those listening into giving charitably. He sites a book by NYU philosopher Peter Unger, titled, â€Å"Living High and Letting Die†. He goes on to paraphrase an example from the book that he thinks gives a great example towards American’s lack of charitable giving. His example is about a man named Bob who is nearly retired and has invested most of his savings into a rare and valuable old car. He has a lot of pride in the car and he enjoys taking care of it. He also enjoys that its rising value means he will always be able to sell it and live comfortably. He is out one day for a drive one day and park the car along some railroad tracks and goes for a walk along the tracks. As he is walking he sees that a runaway train with no one aboard is headed for a small child farther down the track. The child is too far to warn of the danger and will be killed unless Bob throws a switch to put the train on the siding where his beloved car is parked. Throwing the switch will destroy his car and therefore his long time investment. Thinking of his joy in owning the car and the financial security it represents, Bob decides not to throw the switch and the child is killed. He uses this example comparatively to how the average American reacts to charitable giving. He labels them as cruel people who choose their own livelihood over the lives of dying children, which is unfair. Commonly, those not giving are not looking into the eyes of a dying child but rather into a scary world where finances are always unsettling. In my personal experience guilting someone into doing something is the worst way to evoke passion for action. Forcing someone to do something is not nearly as effective as creating a want to do something. Over time guilt tripping makes the action lose steam while making someone want to do something can create a passion that lasts for a long time. Let me follow Singers lead here and provide an example. Suppose that you would like to have your friend go to a new sushi restaurant with you. Would it be smarter to guilt him into going by using something against him to make him go, or would it be smarter to talk about how good the atmosphere and food is? Obviously it is much smarter to talk up the restaurant instead of sending your friend on a guilt trip. The guilt trip may only make your friend go once but making the friend want to go will result in many visits to the restaurant. Creating a passion is the best way to call people to action and singer failed to do this. Instead, he should have used a more indirect method like talking about the benefits and contentedness that one can receive from charitable donation and selling them on the concept Another spot where his speech falls short is in providing a plausible solution to world poverty. Having everyone with disposable income give $200 to help feed hungry children solves none of the problems having to do with poor villages not being able to support their people. In the article, â€Å"We can end global poverty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the author describes a plan laid out by David Cameron that includes over 10 steps to end global poverty by 2030. Including such ideas as going green, going for growth, good government, and global partnership. The final report comes after 8 months of consultation with more than 5,000 public groups across 120 different countries. Citizens, governments, businesses, local charities, community groups and development experts all had a chance to contribute their ideas. This type of initiative is what it takes to create a true end to world poverty, not just simply pleading that people give $200 to charity. I feel as if Singer never really thought to develop his idea thoroughly and just wanted something quick that he could easily get people to support. This is where his ethos breaks down. He no longer seems to be a person worth speaking to about the subject, but rather someone who wants a problem solved but doesn’t want to put in effort to come up with a real solution. After analyzing his speech thoroughly I feel that Singer has a lot of passion for what he speaks about but fails to come up with real plausible solutions to the problems he is addressing. Singer may believe he has World Poverty all figured out but there are a few points he’s not thinking about. He used emotional stories about dying children to guilt his listeners into giving money. Though, Peter Singer makes a valid point that we should be helping children in need, what happens when everyone stops blowing their money on luxury items? In his speech he says, â€Å"The formula is simple: whatever money you’re spending on luxuries, not necessities, should be given away. † If we were to spend only money on necessities and donate the rest it would, in turn, cause economic distress. Jobs will begin to slowly deplete from our own economy here in America. Manufacturing jobs such as, furniture, computers, televisions, housing, retail, and many more would disappear. The sad fact of the matter is that poverty is a necessity and just like with all things you have to take the good with the bad. How to cite Response to Peter Singer’s Speech, Papers

Learning Essay Example For Students

Learning Essay Running head: Homework AssignmentChapter 5 LearningJohn F. BarrowCopper Mountain CollegeHomework AssignmentChapter 5 Learning1. Describe the history and nature of classical conditioning. One of the major contributors to the study of learning was not a psychologist but a Russian physiologist who was, awarded, a Nobel Prize for his work on digestion. Ivan Pavlov was a brilliant scientist who directed several research laboratories in St. Petersburg, Russia, at the turn of the twentieth century. Pavlovs involvement with psychology began, as a result, of an observation he made while investigating the role of saliva in digestion, using dogs as his experimental subjects (Hockenbury ; Hockenbury, 2011, pg 185). Furthermore, in (1904) Pavlovs studies of digestion, the dogs salivated reflexively when food was, placed on their tongues. However, when the dogs began salivating in response to the sight of Pavlov or to the sound of his footsteps, a new, learned stimulus elicited the salivary respon se. The process of conditioning that Pavlov discovered was the first to be extensively, studied in psychology (Hockenbury Hockenbury, 2011, pg 186). Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning an association between two stimuli. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus that automatically elicits a reflexive response. If the two stimuli (Pavlov + food) are repeatedly, paired, eventually the neutral stimulus (Pavlov) elicits the same basic reflexive response as the natural stimulus (food) even in the absence of the natural stimulus (Hockenbury Hockenbury, 2011, pg 186). How does it demonstrate associative learning? According to Pavlov, classical conditioning occurs simply because two stimuli are associated closely in time. Whereas, Psychologist Robert A. Rescorla, classical conditioning depends on the information the conditioned stimulus provides about the unconditioned stimulus. Rather than merely associating two closely paired stimuli, as Pavlov suggested, the animals assess the predictive value of stimuli. Applying this interpretation to classical conditioning, we can conclude that Pavlovs dogs learned that the bell was a signal that reliably predicted that food would follow (Hockenbury ; Hockenbury, 2011, pg 195-196). 2. Describe the history and nature of operant conditioning including the concept of shaping. The investigation of how voluntary behaviors are, acquired began with a young American psychology student named Edward L. Thorndike. A few years before Pavlov began his extensive studies of classical conditioning, Thorndike was using cats, chicks, and dogs to investigate how voluntary behaviors are, acquired. Thorndikes pioneering studies helped set the stage for the later work of another American psychologist named B. F. Skinner. It was Skinner who developed operant conditioning, another form of conditioning that explains how we acquire and maintain voluntary behaviors (Hockenbury Hockenbury, 2011, pg 200). Skinners operant conditioning explains learning as a process in where behavior is shaped and maintained by, its, consequences. One possible consequence of a behavior is reinforcement. Reinforcement is, said to occur when a stimulus or an event follows an operant and increases the likelih ood of the operant being repeated (Hockenbury ; Hockenbury, 2011, pg 201). Shaping, involves reinforcing successively closer approximations of a behavior until the correct behavior is, displayed. For example, the researcher might first reinforce the rat with a food pellet whenever it moves to the half of the Skinner box in which the bar is located. Other responses would be, ignored once that response has, been learned reinforcement is withheld until the rat moves even closer to the bar. Then the rat might be, reinforced only when it touches the bar. Systematically, the rat is, reinforced for behaviors that correspond ever more closely to the final goal behavior pressing the bar (Hockenbury ; Hockenbury, 2011, pg 209). 3. Explain the processes of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination, and give an example of each. Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination, Pavlov (1927) noticed that once a dog was, conditioned to salivate to a particular stimulus, new stimuli that were similar to the original conditioned stimulus could also elicit the conditioned salivary response. For example, Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate to a low-pitched tone. When he sounded a slightly higher-pitched tone, the conditioned salivary response would, also be elicited. Pavlov called this phenomenon stimulus generalization. Just as a dog can learn to respond to similar stimuli, so it can learn the opposite to distinguish between similar stimuli. For example, Pavlov repeatedly gave a dog some food following a high-pitched tone but did not give the dog any food following a low-pitched tone. The dog learned to distinguish between the two tones, salivating to the high-pitched tone but no t to the low-pitched tone. This phenomenon, stimulus discrimination, occurs when a particular conditioned response is, made to one stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli (Hockenbury ; Hockenbury, 2011, pg 188). Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery, Pavlov (1927) found that conditioned responses could be, gradually weakened. If the conditioned stimulus (the ringing bell) was repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (the food), the conditioned response seemed to gradually disappear. Pavlov called this process of decline and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response extinction. Pavlov also found that the dog did not simply return to its unconditioned state following extinction. If the animal were allowed, a period of rest after the response was, extinguished the conditioned response would reappear when the conditioned stimulus was again presented. This reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period, of time wit hout exposure to the conditioned stimulus is, called spontaneous recovery. That is, the learned response may seem to disappear, but not eliminated or erased (Hockenbury ; Hockenbury, 2011, pg 189). .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197 , .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197 .postImageUrl , .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197 , .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197:hover , .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197:visited , .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197:active { border:0!important; } .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197:active , .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197 .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u582d0982c1ec2d48a22a94b0e078c197:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Multiculturalism EssayClassical conditioning can help explain the acquisition of many learned behaviors, including emotional and physiological responses. Most everyday behaviors do not fall into this category. Instead, they involve non-reflexive, or voluntary, actions that cannot be, explained with classical conditioning (Hockenbury ; Hockenbury, 2011, pg 199). In Skinners view, operant conditioning did not need to invoke cognitive factors to explain the acquisition of operant behaviors. Edward C. Tolman firmly believed that cognitive processes played an important role in the learning of complex behaviors even in the lowly laboratory rat. Tolman concluded that learning inv olves the acquisition of knowledge rather than simply changes in outward behavior. According to Tolman (1932), an organism essentially learns what leads to what. It learns to expect that a certain behavior will lead to a particular outcome in a specific situation (Hockenbury Hockenbury, 2011, pg 213-215). ReferencesHockenbury, D. H., Hockenbury, S. E. (2011). Discovering psychology (5th Ed), New York: Worth Publishers